A Culture Briefing of Germany

Introduction MVC Consulting is among the oldest professional services and management consulting companies located in Chicago, US. Founded in 1981, the privately held company now wants to expand its operations internationally. MVC Consulting is considering venturing into the German market. The research paper aims at developing an analysis of Germany as a potential market for the services offered by MVC Consulting.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on A Culture Briefing of Germany specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The paper will provide a history of Germany, its location and size, political system, economic system, traditions, language, values and ethics, and business practices, among others. Following the analysis, a recommendation shall be provided on whether MVC Consulting should consider investing in Germany. Culture Analysis Location Germany is located between Poland and France near the North Sea. The Weste rn European country shares its borders with Czech Republic to the east, the Baltic Sea and Denmark to the north, France to the Southwest, and Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg to the northwest (Beevor, 2003). History The Germanic tribes date as far back as the Pre-Roman Iron Age and Nordic Bronze Age. Starting from the 1st century BC, these tribes are believed to have moved from north Germany and southern Scandinavia and expanded to the east, west, and south. From these locations, they encountered the Baltic, Iranian, Slavic, and Celtic tribes in Eastern Europe (Claster 1982, p. 35). By AD 100, some Germanic tribes were already occupying the region along the Danube and Rhine. The Alamanni, Chatti, Saxons, and Thuringii, are some of the large Germanic tribes that emerged in the 3rd century. Around 260, Rome started to decline, Germanic tribes started occupying lands hitherto occupied by the Romans. By 395 AD, they had managed to advance further south-east. At the same time, a numb er of the large Germanic tribes had started replacing the smaller tribes in modern day Germany (Bowman, Garnsey Cameron, 2005, p. 442). The Franks occupied the Austrasia, while the Slavs and Saxons ruled Northern Germany. Between 1138 and 1254, during the reign of the Hohenstaufen emperors, the German princes asserted their influence eastwards and southwards, and occupied the Slavs territories. In 1315 and from 1348 to 50, the Greta Famine and the Black Death respectively led to a drastic reduction in population of Germany.Advertising Looking for research paper on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Between 1618 and 1648, German lands were devastated by religious conflicts, further reducing the population. The German Confederation was founded in 1814, after Napoleon I of France had been defeated. In 1862, a major conflict emerged between King William I of Prussia and the liberal parliament on military reforms. C onsequently, Otto von Bismarck was appointed by the King as the new Prime Minister. The assassination of the crown prince to Austria on June 28, 1914 triggered the First World War. Some of the territories acquired by Germany prior to World War II include Czechoslovakia and Austria (Beevor 2003). In 1945, Germany surrendered when it was defeated in the Second World War, prompting the partitioning of the remaining German territory. Thus Germany was divided into West Germany and East Germany. This arrangement lasted until 1990, when Germany reunified, after the Berlin wall was brought down. Size The size of Germany is estimated at 357, 021 sq. km. Political System Germany is characterized by a representative democracy. The country also enjoys both a parliamentary and federal system of government (Claster, 1982). A federal convention elects the president. The federal convention is made up of state delegates and the parliament (Bundestag). The president of parliament is ranked second aft er the president, in line with the order of precedence in Germany. He is charged with the responsibility of supervising the daily parliamentary sessions. The Chancellor comes in third. The president of the parliament appoints the Chancellor once he has been elected by Parliament. The role of the Chancellor is to exercise executive powers of the government. Economic System Germany has embraced a social market economy. It is made up of a large capital stock and a highly qualified workforce. The level of corruption is also very low (World Bank, 2009). German has a very high level of innovation (CIA, 2010). Germany is the world’s largest economy in terms of nominal GDP. In Europe, Germany’s economy is the largest (Boston Consulting Group, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on A Culture Briefing of Germany specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Much of the country’s GDP is contributed by its service sector, estimated at 71%. Industries come second, at 28%, with agriculture only contributing a partly 0.9% of the GDP. In 2010, Germany had a 7.5% unemployment rate. Language German is the country’s predominant and official language (European Commission, 2006). The European Union has also recognized German as one of the 23 official languages. Further, the German language has been recognized by the European Commission as a working language within the EU, and there are only three such languages. The predominant immigrant languages in Germany are Kurdish, Turkish, the Balkan languages, Polish, and Russian. Traditions When meeting or leaving someone, shaking hands is a common practice. The older person or woman often offers their hand first. Calling acquaintances by their first name is unwelcome, unless you have been invited to do so. Germans do not normally tip waiters at a restaurant. However, they have a habit of rounding off the charges they have incurred. For example , if one has incurred a restaurant charge of 7.3 Euros, they will round it of to 8 Euros. A 16 % VAT is always added on any purchase that you make while in Germany. Upon leaving Germany, tourists are usually refunded the money that they incurred in the form of VAT. Speaking to a German with your hands in the pocket is seen as a rude gesture. Values and ethics Germans have strong Christian values, mainly influenced by Western European culture. The Germans upholds the pursuit of happiness, life, and liberty. In Germany, contracts are important, and individual rights are upheld. Order is also a very vital goal of the society. Personal achievements and execution of power are also primary motivations of Germans (Tian, 2004, p. 33). Characteristics of the Culture Major popular and intellectual currents including secular and religious events in Europe have helped to shape culture in Germany. Cultural institutions are often headed by the federated states with more than 25,000 libraries and 240 subsidized theaters spread across Germany, a lot of people enjoy these cultural opportunities every year (Wasser, 2006).Advertising Looking for research paper on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The country has also managed to promote disability rights, in addition to creating high standards of gender equality. Moreover, Germany is socially and morally tolerant towards lesbians and gays. The country has also altered its attitudes towards immigrants with the government allowing controlled migration into the country on the basis of one’s qualification standards. Business Practices In any business transaction that involves Germans, it is important to ensure that you value punctuality. For example, you should ensure that you arrive for business meetings on the stipulated time. To be late for even 5 or 10 minutes, and more so among the subordinates, is often frowned upon. Such an action may also jeopardize your business relations in future (Lynn, n. d.). However, in case your lateness cannot be avoided, the most ideal thing to do is to ensure that you call your business associates ahead of time and inform them that you will be ruing late. Germans values honesty very much and with a good explanation, you will be in good terms with them. With regard to conversational themes, the distinction between personal and social time is very clear in Germany. As such, one should not anticipate an evening out with your German host every evening. Germans often assume that just as they have personal matters to attend to, so do you. One is also advised against delving into such topics as the Holocaust and World War II. In addition, avoid such personal questions as salaries and remunerations. Tips for leading in this country If at all MVC Consulting hopes to succeed in its quest to enter into the German market, it must value efficiency and hard work in all its operations. These two traits are valued highly by Germans. In addition, the company also needs to ensure that it offers quality services. Organizations in Germany are characterized by well-ordered and tight structures and as such, MVC Consulting needs to align its structure in such a way that every employee is fully aware of his/her functions. The management also needs to ensure that it makes decision after precise and thorough analysis of the information at hand. Furthermore, the company should also anticipate minimizing risks because in the German economy, security is a lifeline. The company should also ensure that it strictly adherers to time schedules in order to win the confidence of its customers and business associates. If for example the company promises to deliver a given service at a specific time, then it needs to honor the pledge. In the German culture, formality is often seen as a vital sign of respect and as such, MVC Consulting should ensure that it adopts this practice as well. Taking one’s business serious is a widely entrenched value in the German culture and German managers are often built upon this foundation. If at all MVC Consulting hopes to cordial business links with other companies in Germany, there is the need to accord recognition to its business partners . Moreover, the company may be forced to modify some of its business behaviors to suit the business environment in Germany. This is because there is a stark difference in the business environment of the United States and Germany. Conclusion Germany offers an ideal business environment for MVC Consulting to invest in. Germany is the largest economy in Europe. In addition, the country’s political and economic environment favors the conduction of business. Germany does not also discriminate against foreign investment. If at all MVC Consulting hopes to succeed in the German market, it needs to embrace the business culture of the Germans. As such, the company has to value efficiency and hard work because these are the two traits that drives German’s economic engine. In addition, the company must be ready to honor the pledge of customers and business associate in terms of delivery services in a timely manner. Reference List Beevor, A. (2003). Berlin: The downfall 1945. Londo n: Penguin Books. Boston Consulting Group. (2009). The innovation imperative in manufacturing: how the  united states can restore its edge. Retrieved from Boston Consulting Group. Web. Bowman, A. K., Garnsey, P., Cameron, A. (2005). The crisis of empire, A.D. 193–337. Cambridge, Mass: Cambridge University Press. CIA. (2010). World Factbook. Web. Claster, J. N. (1982). Medieval Experience: 300–1400. New York: New York University Press. European Commission. (2006). Special Eurobarometer 243: Europeans and their  languages (Survey). Web. Lynn, E. Business Culture. Web. Tian, Q. (2004). A transcultural study of ethical perceptions and judgements between  Chinese. and. German Businessmen. Munish: Martin Meidenbauer Wasser, J. (2006). Spatzle Westerns. Web. World Bank. (2009). The World Bank: World Development Indicators database. Web. This research paper on A Culture Briefing of Germany was written and submitted by user Cristian Bowman to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Influence of organizational image on outcome

Influence of organizational image on outcome It is true that the image of an organisation reflects its brain in terms of performance of the organisations. In university institutions for example, the organisational environment may create excitement and hence foster high quality education and learning.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of organizational image on outcome specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus the organisational structure and the management style adopted by the institutional may inspire and motivate the learning processes or may fail to encourage learning culture in students in the university. The aim of every university is to help learners acquire skills, knowledge and experience while also helping them become flexible in their thinking and conceptualisation so that they are able to meet complexities in their day-to-day lives. Universities therefore focus to help each student explore and recognize various alternative worldviews, practices, technologies and innovations among others. These desired changes in learners are achieved by involving all the personnel in the universities including lecturers and subordinates; the management, resources and the learners themselves. According to Beer and Nohria (2000, 140) an ideal organisation should be able to balance between the O and E strategies. This implies that an institution should be able to balance between meeting the needs of the students and the needs the university staff and be able to integrate the ideas of the organisation. The institution’s management should be ready to listen, debate and also willing to learn from both sides. The management should be ready to integrate the ideas of the university staff particularly the lecturers and technicians who constantly interact with the students as well as the students’ views on the direction of their learning. This means that the institution should be able to use the students and the university staff as the c onsultants besides the outside consultants to be able to ensure quality outcome in students. An institution’s image is also enhanced by the level of motivation it offers to the university staff and the students. Recognizing the performance and commitment of the staff in achieving the objectives of the university also encourages the students to follow in the footsteps of their lecturers and other staff who are working hard to help them achieve their goals. The staff may be given monetary rewards or other forms of rewards which encourage achievement of the organisational culture and objectives. The students on the other hand may be awarded scholarships, opportunities for exchange programmes with other universities in other countries or opportunities to represent the universities in forums and congressional meetings. The students hence practically learn the importance of giving rewards and various reward schemes that could be applied in their real working experience. According t o Beer and Nohria (2000, 140) giving of rewards represent a fair exchange of values between the institution and individuals in the institution.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The management’s commitment to providing of total-quality training programs to students and the university staffs also reflects the quality of outcome from the university (Morgan 2006, 106). The university’s commitment to provide resources to facilitate learning and the university’s openness to help learners experiment on their talents help promote diverse quality outcome. Universities should be able to access the status and the progress of every programme it offers to students and other customers and review them to be able to align them with the goals of the institution. It should also be able to review the capacity of its teaching staff as well as other staffs who suppo rt the teaching and learning process in meeting the objectives and be able to improve their capacities. When the university encourages experimentation through provision of adequate and modern facilities, the students as well as the university staff are better enabled to expand their knowledge, skills and experience and therefore they become very innovative and creative in tackling challenges. Besides, both the university staff and the students become more receptive to new ideas. In achieving the goals of the university as well as that of its stakeholders, the university has to eliminate the boundaries that may exist in its communication processes so as to achieve high-involvement of all the individuals in the institution. Reference List Beer, M., Nohria, N., 2000, Cracking the code of change. Harvard Business Review, 78 (3): 133-141. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Morgan, G., 2006, Images of organization, updated edition. California: Sage Publications.

Euro-civlization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Euro-civlization - Essay Example Thus Pope Boniface VIII was tried posthumously for apostasy, murder and sodomy. The Templars were tried as Devil-Invoking heretics. Anyone who could actually read so-called witchcraft texts was often suspected of being in league with the Devil merely because they were literate. Thus the elite were in some way condemned by the spread of a popular culture of fear regarding witchcraft. The "Caroline Code", the basic law code of the Holy Roman Empire (1532) imposed heavy penalties for witchcraft. As society became more literate (due mostly to the invention of the Printing Press in the 1440s), increasing numbers of books and tracts fuelled the witch fears. More people were becoming literate, books were cheaper to print and thus became available in greater numbers and were within reach of more of the population. Witchcraft was thus more likely to occur within the logic of the Witch Craze mindset. A sense of community, both within the wide context of countries and within local areas, was starting to break down because of the growth in a peculiar kind of paranoia. In 1630 the nuns of Loudun provided an interesting view of the Witch Craze and the extremes to which it could go. The nuns conspired to accuse Father Urbain Grandier of witchcraft by faking symptoms of possession and torment. They feigned convulsions, rolled and gibbered on the ground, and accused Grandier of indecencies. Grandier was convicted and burned at the stake. But after his death, and thus after the plot had succeeded, the symptoms of the nuns only grew worse, and they became more and more sexual in nature. This shows the degree of mania and insanity present in such witch trials. Community had often broken down into a series of groups that were always suspicious of others and afraid of being accused themselves. The breakdown of community reflected the wide rift that occurred during the period between Catholics and Protestants. Catholics often accused Protestants of witchcraft, such as when the Jesuits pursued them in Austria for a hundred years after 1560. Protestants in turn did the same, such as occurred during Henry VIII's reign in England in the 1500's. Thus "witch" was used convenient label that could be used as a tool against one's enemies, political, cultural or personal. 2) Language itself-as I have so often mentioned- is a primary source of information about its author's attitudes towards phenomenon described. Do a literary deconstruction of Las Casas' language by making two lists of metaphors- one for Spaniards, the other for Indians- as these appear in his text. It is the tension between theses two sets of images which creates the dynamism in this text. Pay special attention to gender as you do this. Who is masculine, who is feminine and what are the implications thereof Consider the following section from Los Casas' description of the Spanish treatment of the Indians in Brief Account of the Devastation of the Indies (1542): Yet into this sheepfold, into this land of meek outcasts there came some Spaniards who immediately behaved like ravening wild beasts, wolves, tigers, or lions that had been starved for many days. And Spaniards have behaved in no other way during tla! past forty years, down to the present time, for they are still acting like ravening beasts, killing, terrorizing, afflicting, torturing, and destroying the native peoples, doing all this with the strangest and most varied

Growing a business strategy for Coffee Angel Coursework

Growing a business strategy for Coffee Angel - Coursework Example Chris is of Turkish background and the business is family owned. The business was started in collaboration with his family who stands by him and supports him in financing the operations of the business. Opening time is 7.30 am on weekdays and opening times being 8: 30 am and 10: 00 am for Saturday and Sunday, respectively, with closing time at 7: 00 pm irrespective of the day of the week. Coffee Angel offers foods including breakfast, sandwiches and rolls, Panini menu, toasts, salads, and wraps, the drinks offered include freshly roasted coffee, milkshakes, smoothies, tea, iced coffee, and flavor. Catering and treats are also offered by Coffee Angel. The aim of strategic analysis is to have a better understanding of the position of the business in the macro environment and make a comparison with the competitors in the industry the firm is operating. An analysis of the Coffee Angel requires an understanding of the environment to be able to know the strategic capabilities of the firm. PESTLE is an acronym for political, economic, sociological, technological, environmental, and legal and is a useful tool for the analysis of the macro environment where a business operates. PESTLE is a tool for the generation of an understanding on the relation of the firm to the external environment. The main reasons for PESTLE analysis is that it is relevant in decision making as it informs the management on the situation of the firm in relation to the external environment. This part details the impact of political actions on the external environment of Angel Coffee. Government policies would have an impact on the functionality of Angel Coffee in some ways including laws on minimum wages that has recently been passed will influence Angel Coffee and rumors of further increase affect the company. Food safety controls by the government affect the performance of food

Internal Assessment Front Sheet Essay Example for Free

Internal Assessment Front Sheet Essay

Negligence Case Study Essay -- Law of Tort, Tort Law

Review the scenario below. Consider the legal principles influencing the likelihood of any successful action against Steve in negligence. Daria and her lover, Tom, were crossing the road on a pedestrian crossing when Tom was hit and killed by a car being negligently driven by Steve. The car missed Daria by inches. Since the incident Daria has had frequent nightmares and has been unable to return to work. Harry, a policeman patrolling the area, witnessed the incident and went to try to help Tom, but quickly realised that Tom was already dead. This was Harry’s first day back at work following six months recovering from psychiatric illness caused by the distressing nature of his job. As a result of seeing Tom’s injuries Harry has now suffered a return of the psychiatric damage which now appears permanent. Samira, a civilian worker in police traffic control, was watching a TV monitor which showed the road as the incident occurred. Samira recognised Tom as her husband whom she had not seen since the day, six months before, when he had left her and gone to live with Daria. Samira had always believed that, one day, he would return to her. She has suffered post traumatic stress disorder since the incident. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ In our given scenario we are asked to discuss legal principles influencing the likelihood of any successful action against Steve in the grounds of negligence. Steve’s negligent driving caused a series of events that caused losses to the other people presented in the scenario and they take actions against Steve in the grounds of negligence. At first we must understand what negligence is. The tort of negligence provides the potenti... ...rameters and all the aspects of the law that appear in our given scenario we can safely say that any claim that is being made by Tom’s representative by Daria and Samira on the grounds of negligence – breach of duty of care and psychiatric injury would be successful and that even though Harry suffered psychiatric injury his claim won’t be successful since he doesn’t fulfill the necessary parameters in order to make a successful claim. Bibliography Neal Geach, Question & Answer Tort Law, Pearson Law of Tort, Module Handout. Cases Frances Quinn, Tort Law, Pearson, first edition, pp 34-35 Caparo v Dickman (1990) 2 A.C. 605 Page v Smith [1996] 1 A.C. 155 Bourhill v Young [1943] A.C. 92 Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire [1992] 1 A.C. 310 Hinz v Berry [1970] 1 All E.R. 1084 White v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police [1999] 2 A.C.455

History of English Literature, Essay

The ghost also speaks of the underworld, a Classical belief that brings out Humanist beliefs also. This instantly makes Hamlet doubt the ghost, which causes him to hesitate before seeking revenge for his father’s death until he has discovered the truth. Seeking the truth is one of Hamlet’s obstacles as many layers cover it. He desires to know which religious belief system is the true one and the best to die by. This reflects on Renaissance society and Europe as they too were torn between two or even three, philosophical positions. By using a variety of religious ethics Shakespeare has made both the audience and Hamlet question which system is the true one. Arnold Kettle, in his essay entitled, â€Å"Hamlet in a changing world† states that, † because of the death of Hamlet’s father and the hasty marriage of his mother and his uncle, Hamlet’s views of the world change. These views affect his ideas in every aspect possible and Hamlet has difficulty living with them†. Kettle believes that Hamlet was putting into practise new Renaissance humanism ideas. The theory of humanism rejects the abuse of tyranny, cruelty and murder; all three were present in England and the court of Denmark. Hamlet decides that he cannot accept this in Denmark because he sees this as rottenness and Claudius as the source of it. Wilson Knight, in his essay entitled, â€Å"The Embassy of Death† does not agree with Kettle as he states, â€Å"Hamlet is inhuman. He has seen through humanity. And this inhuman cynicism, however justifiable in this case, on the plane of casualty and individual responsibility, is a deadly and venomous thing†. I agree with Kettle as Hamlet seems to be trying to maintain his humanism and he does this by seeking the truth so he can get his revenge and still live by the laws of God. He searches for evidence to back his theory that Claudius is the source of rottenness so he is able to kill him and rid Denmark of all its rottenness. If, like Knight states, Hamlet were inhuman he would not hesitate in getting his revenge as much as he does and he would not question all the different religious belief systems. In The Short Oxford History of English Literature, Andrew Sanders states that, † Hamlet’s public problem is how to avenge a political murder in a culture where private vengeance is politically and morally unacceptable† (page 157). I disagree with Andrew Sanders as I have collected evidence that shows that in the Renaissance there were groups that strongly believed that humans were god-like, thus able to carry out revenge. I do not think it was totally morally unacceptable in this society to seek revenge and I believe the Shakespearean audience would have been aware of this. Shakespeare has provided the clues for Hamlet and the audience in the plays imagery. The play is fuelled by images of poison, rot and decay. This is enveloped in the theme of illusion verses reality. Things appear in the play to be true and honest but the reality is that they are infested with evil. Shakespeare has included a lot of imagery that is related to the bible, particularly Genesis. This creates a different theme in the play, one of inherited sin and corruption. Humans are fallen creatures, victims of the devils trickery, according to Genesis. Shakespeare has used this throughout the play, as there are many references to Adam, the Garden of Eden and original sin. â€Å"Tis given out that, sleeping in my orchard, A serpent stung me – so the whole ear of Denmark Is forged process of my death Rankly abus’d – but know, thou noble youth, The serpent that did sting thy father’s life Now wears his crown†. Act 1, scene 5, lines35-40. Here Shakespeare has used a metaphor to show that Claudius is perceived in this play as the devil, reflecting that Hamlet is not the only thing rotten in Denmark. Many of the characters hide behind masks of falseness and this makes it extremely difficult for Hamlet to uncover the truth that he desires in order to rid Denmark of Claudius and its rottenness. If Claudius is the devil, according to Humanist values, Hamlet could act god-like and do the state a favour and rid society of his infestation. If Hamlet followed his Christian ethics he would have to leave the justice to God and that would mean that society suffered. This would make the audience decide which belief system they would favour but would also bring in the question of what would happen to Hamlet when he died. Margreta de Grazia writes in her essay entitled, â€Å"Hamlet’s thoughts and antics† that † Hamlet fights against becoming rotten like Claudius, he struggles in a rotten world. He struggles to overcome his nausea by trying to unmask men, strip them of their fines appearances and show their true nature†. The one thing Hamlet does not want to do his lower himself to Claudius’ level and this is reflected in the play when he refuses to kill Claudius while he is praying. † Now might I do it pat, now a is a-praying. And now I’ll do ‘t. (Draws his sword) And so a goes to heaven; And so I reveng’d. that would be scann’d: A villain kills my father, and for that I, his sole son, do this same villain send To heaven†¦. † Act 3, scene 3 lines 73-79 I agree with Grazia as she backs what I have suggested above that Hamlet wants to be the executioner and not the assassin, as this would make him as low as Claudius. Hamlet is battling with all the ethics that his society has to discover whether or not he holds the power to deal out justice as God would. In conclusion I would have to say that Prince Hamlet is not the only thing rotten in Denmark. And as T. S Eliot puts it in the 1920 essay called ‘The Sacred Wood’, â€Å"If Hamlet is rotten, why would it be a tragedy? â€Å". The tragedy in this play is the fact that an intelligent, philosophical, sensitive character has been placed in a society that is rotten due to the King that governs it. My findings show that Claudius is the source of the rottenness in Denmark and Hamlet suffers against upholding traditional family values and his religious ethics. Hamlet has to put his ethics through every test imaginable, even at the risk of his own sanity. This does not make him rotten, this should make him commendable. Shakespeare has provided a character that wears his heart on his sleeve. We see every single one of his thought processes and watch in awe as he muddles through each dilemma. We watch as he loses his faith in mankind and achieve catharsis in the final scene when that faith seems to have been miraculously restored. This may be due to his coming to terms with his own fear of death or his realisation of mans role in the cosmos, we can’t be certain. But by having Hamlet regain some faith Shakespeare allows the audience and reader to regain their faith in mankind too. He is an example to us all. 3, 107 words (including extracts and quotes) 2, 264 words (excluding extracts and quotes) Shell Woodward. Bibliography Bate, J (1975) Shakespearean Constitutions, Politics, Theatre, Criticism 1730-1830 Clarendon Press, Oxford. Bevington, D (ed) (1968) Twentieth Century Interpretations of Hamlet, A Collection of Critical Essays Spectrum Books New Jersey. Brown Watson, C (1960) Shakespeare and the Renaissance Concept of Honor Princeton University Press New Jersey. Gurr, A (2001) The Shakespearean Stage 1574-1642 Cambridge University Press London. Jenkins, H (ed) (1993) Hamlet Arden Shakespeare Methuen & co ltd St Ives. Joughin, J, J (2000) Philosophical Shakespeares Routledge London. Jump, J (ed) (1985) Hamlet: A Selection of Critical Essays Macmillian London. Marsh, N (2003) Shakespeare, three problem plays. Palgrave New York. Sanders, A (2000) The Short Oxford Dictionary of English Literature Oxford University Press Oxford. Smith, D, N (1964) Shakespeare Criticism Oxford University Press London. Wells, R, H (2000) Shakespeare on Masculinity Cambridge University Press UK. URLS Eliot, T, S â€Å"The Scared Wood† essay www. bartleby. com/200/sw9. html Kettle, A – â€Å"Hamlet in a changing World† essay www. faculty. millikin. edu/~moconner. hum Knight, W â€Å"The Embassy of Death† essay www. mtsn. org. uk/staff/hamlet Rist, T Religion, Politics, Revenge: the dead in Renaissance drama www. shu. ac. uk/emls/09-1/ristdead. html.